Abstract
The heart and kidney are invariably intertwined. Heart failure is associated with the important alterations in renal hemodynamics and function that constitute a major problem of clinical management. Conversely, in chronic renal disease, rarely does the heart escape consequences. Cardiovascular complications comprise the major cause of death in the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) population. The effects of chronic renal failure on the heart are diverse and involve numerous anatomical and functional aspects of the cardiovascular system.