Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) control pancreatic and islet development, as well as β cell physiology. For this reason they have an important role in the regulation of gene expression in health and in disease, including diabetes. Each phase of human pancreatic development exhibits a specific miRNA profile. The expression of multiple miRNAs is inversely correlated with the expression of involved critical genes, suggesting miRNA-mediated regulation. Modulation of miRNAs to restore β cells is a potential strategy in diabetes treatment. However, current therapeutic approaches based on manipulation of miRNA expression are more feasible in vitro than in vivo because of difficulties with specific delivery. This chapter discusses the miRNAs involved in islet and pancreas development in the context of diabetes. It also looks at their potential role in the generation of surrogate β cells for transplantation.