Abstract
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a well-established procedure that produces a significant improvement in motor symptoms in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD). While the motor function improvement has been documented extensively, the effects of DBS on non-motor symptoms, such as sleep, cognition, and mood, have been less studied. This review will summarize the extensive clinical evidence on the effects of DBS in PD, and emerging evidence on non-motor symptoms as well as the advances in technology that allows a more precise lead placement and better outcomes. Future directions in the field of neuromodulation and strategies to improve overall brain function will be reviewed. The recent advances in technology provide the ability to deliver stimulation adaptively based on cortical and subcortical brain signals, and subsequently a more physiological and precise modulation of the impaired motor network.