Abstract
This chapter focuses on errors produced by three different kinds of type 1 processing: The representativeness heuristic, the availability heuristic and cognitive biases, especially confirmation bias. It argues that adopting intellectual virtues, such as intellectual humility, intellectual self-vigilance and intellectual gregariousness, help minimize the errors produced by such type 1 processing. The chapter argues that intellectual confidence, pride, and optimism are required in order to avoid the errors introduced when type 2 processing interferes with the exercise of reliable type 1 heuristics. It examines several strategies for acquiring these intellectual virtues, including new habit formation and attentional bias techniques. The dual-processing theory of cognitive processing states that there are two distinct ways in which we make decisions in daily life. Intellectual diligence/perseverance, intellectual self-vigilance/open-mindedness and intellectual humility stand in opposition to their vice counterparts: intellectual laziness, intellectual closed-mindedness and intellectual arrogance.