Abstract
With the advances in neuroscience and neuroengineering, augmentation of brain functions has become a real possibility in sensory, motor, and cognitive domains. Both invasive and noninvasive interventions that target brain micro- and macrocircuits and produce functional improvements have been developed. In this review, we critically evaluate the existing methods for brain augmentation and discuss specific aspects of brain circuitry and neuronal mechanisms that could be augmented. The review covers a range of approaches, including neuromodulation, pharmacological methods, brain–computer and brain-to-brain interfaces, and even lasers. We describe advances in neural technologies, such as microtechnology, spintronics, nanotechnology, optogenetics, and minimally invasive electrode arrays. These modern tools hold promise to translate to revolutionary treatments for devastating brain disorders. Given the potential impact of brain augmentation approaches on the society, it is also important to discuss the philosophical and ethical issues arising from the use of technologies to enhance neural processing of information, memory, attention, and emotions.