Abstract
Most of the fluid filtering from the arterial capillaries perfuses the interstitium
and returns to the venous circulation via the venous ends of blood capillaries. It is
estimated that approximately 10% of this fluid is returned via the lymphatic system.
Almost all of the lymph from the lower extremities and lower body empties into the
thoracic duct and then into the left internal jugular and subclavian vein. Lymph
from the left side of the head, left arm, and areas of the chest also empty into the
thoracic duct prior to rejoining the venous circulation. Lymph from the right arm,
right side of the neck and head, and parts of the thorax enter the right thoracic duct
which then joins the right subclavian and internal jugular vein
Lymph nodes are arranged in groups or chains. Inflow of lymph occurs by
afferent lymph collectors entering the node in the capsule area and exits the node
in the hilar area through efferent lymphatics. Cross-connections between area lymph
nodes are common as are circumvention pathways.