Abstract
This white paper is a synthesis of several recent workshops, reports and published literature on monthly to decadal climate prediction. The intent is to document: (i) the scientific basis for prediction from weeks to decades; (ii) current capabilities; and (iii) outstanding challenges. In terms of the scientific basis we described the various sources of predictability, e.g., the Madden Jullian Ocillation (MJO); Sudden Stratospheric Warmings; Annular Modes; El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO); Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD); Atlantic “Niño;” Atlantic gradient pattern; snow cover anomalies, soil moisture anomalies; sea-ice anomalies; Pacific Decadal Variability (PDV); Atlantic Multi-Decadal Variability (AMV); trend among others. Some of the outstanding challenges include how to evaluate and validate prediction systems, how to improve models and prediction systems (e.g., observations, data assimilation systems, ensemble strategies), the development of seamless prediction systems.