Abstract
As a consequence of increasing urban population, the cities around the world had experienced very fast transformation of urban landscape which has resulted in serious consequences for the urban environment, landscape quality and climate.The researchers around the world have tried to model and analyse the urban expansion and its impacts on various aspects of urban environment. This chapter describes the various approaches and models used for analysing the urban expansion and its consequences for the urban environment in the last few decades. From mapping and modelling the urban spatial forms to achieving urban sustainability and resilience, the researches on urban studies have made significant progress in the past two centuries. In the past few decades, the urban researchers have examined the urban landscape pattern, urban sprawl, future urban expansion as well as the impacts of urban expansion on urban environment, ecosystem services, ecology and biodiversity, climatic system, etc. Moreover, the techniques used for analysing urban expansion and its consequences have also developed from the conventional field-based methods to the application of geospatial techniques and artificial intelligence (AI). The advent of AI along with innovative and advanced techniques has made it possible to deal with the negative consequences of urban expansion. Now the researchers are oriented towards achieving the urban resilience, promoting green buildings and increasing thermal comfort in the cities.