Abstract
Objective:
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare but potentially dangerous complication following craniotomies involving the posterior fossa, the skull base, and craniotomies involving the superior sagittal sinus. Surgical manipulation of the sinuses has been shown to cause sinus thromboses of varying degrees. This phenomenon is often clinically silent, with only a small number of patients becoming symptomatic.
Recent advances in neuroimaging provide higher resolution evaluation of cerebral sinuses pre and postoperatively, often revealing clinically silent filling defects. Although sinus thrombosis can be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, its incidence and factors that contribute to its formation in the post-operative population remain unclear. In addition, current guidelines advise to anticoagulate with Heparin upon diagnosis, which can be contraindicated for immediate post craniotomy patients.
The goal of this study is to evaluate retrospective data of patient outcomes and factors that might contribute to sinus thrombus formation.
Methods:
A retrospective chart review was conducted at NYU Langone Medical Center. Ninety-seven patients were included who underwent either a retrosigmoid/translabrynthine/suboccipital resection of a posterior fossa tumor or a supratentorial craniotomy for resection of parasagittal/falcine tumor between July 1, 2014 and July 1, 2015. Pre operative Magnetic Resonance Venography (MRV) was obtained per the attending surgeon’s discretion. Based on intraoperative findings, clinical symptoms, and surgeon’s preference, a postoperative MRV was obtained. Decision to treat a thrombosis was made based on the results of the MRV and clinical symptoms. Treatments included observation, intravenous fluids (IVF) alone, anti-platelet therapy with Aspirin alone, or a combination of the two.
Results:
A total of 7 of 97 patients (7.22%) had postoperative sinus thrombosis. Of those patients, 5 had occlusion of the venous sinuses. In the occlusion group, 4 had preoperative imaging documenting patency of the sinuses. An additional 2 patients had postoperative MRVs revealing partial thrombosis of the sinus, 1 that was new and 1 that did not have a preoperative MRV for comparison. Compared with the cohort of patients without postoperative thromboses, there was no significant difference in age, BMI, length of surgery, or surgical approach.
Of the 5 patients with postoperative thrombotic occlusion, 4 underwent intervention (1 with IVF alone, 2 with IVF and aspirin, and 1 with aspirin alone). Two patients with thromboses also developed CSF leaks requiring lumbar drainage and operative repair. One patient had a persistent CSF leak requiring a shunt. Of the 2 patients with partial thrombosis, 1 was placed on IVF and aspirin. At 3 months follow up, 1 out of 5 patients in the occlusion group had recanalization of the previously thrombosed sinus.
Conclusions:
MRV is a non-invasive method to evaluate the caliber and patency of dural venous sinuses in post craniotomy patients. Symptomatic thrombosis is rare and can be managed either conservatively or with IVF and/or anti platelet therapy, both which are safer than anticoagulation with heparin in post craniotomy patients. A larger prospective trial is necessary to further characterize the incidence of postoperative venous sinus thrombosis, identify risk factors, and to devise recommendations for therapy.