Abstract
Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are highly prevalent among Hispanics/Latinos, yet data on co-occurring MetS and CKD are not available. Understanding the prevalence and correlates of MetS-CKD overlap may inform intervention programs for such subgroups. Methods: Data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Visit 1 (2008-2011) was used. MetS was defined as the presence of three or more of the following risk factors: abdominal obesity, high triglyceride, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, elevated blood pressure, and elevated glucose level. CKD was defined as eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 or the presence of albuminuria (urine albumin-creatinine ratio ≥17 mg/g in men and ≥25 mg/g in women). Of 16,415 HCHS/SOL participants, data from 14,527 persons with complete information on kidney function measures and covariates were analyzed using logistic regression. Potential correlates included age, sex, Hispanic/Latino background, acculturation, education, income, physical activity, alcohol use, cigarette smoking, cardiovascular disease, hemoglobin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Analyses accounted for complex sampling design. Results: Average age was 41 years, 52% were women, 33% had prevalent MetS, and 14% had prevalent CKD. MetS and CKD co-occurred in 7.8% of the study population, 8.5% in men and 7.2% in women. The prevalence of co-occurring MetS and CKD was 10.4% in Puerto Rican, 9.2% in Cuban, 7.2% in Central American, 7.2% in Mexican, 6.5% in Dominican, and 5.3% in South American. Factors independently related to those co-occurring conditions were age, sex, physical activity levels, cardiovascular disease, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and HOMA-IR ( Table ). Conclusions: Targeted prevention efforts that address key modifiable overlapping risk factors may be especially effective in reducing metabolic syndrome and improving kidney health.
