References: Artiss, K.L., Combat psychiatry: From history to theory (1997) Mil Med, 162, pp. 605-609;
Harrison, T., Clarke, D., The Northfield experiments (1992) Br J Psychiatry, 160, pp. 698-708;
Finnegan, A.P., Finnegan, S.E., Thomas, M., Factors affecting mental health support to the British Armed Forces: Part 1 (2014) J Community Nurs, 28, pp. 30-32;
Brom, D., Kleber, R., Defares, P., Brief psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorders (1989) J Consult Clin Psych, 57, pp. 607-612;
Finnegan, A.P., A mental health service after major trauma (1999) Prof Nurse, 15, pp. 179-182;
Litz, B.T., Early Intervention for trauma: Where are we and where do we need to go? A commentary (2008) J Trauma Stress, 21, pp. 503-506;
Steenkamp, M.M., Litz, B.T., Gray, M.J., A brief exposure-based intervention for service members with PTSD (2011) Cogn Behav Pract, 18, pp. 98-107;
King, D.W., King, L.A., Gudanowski, D.M., Alternative representations of war zone stressors: Relationships of post traumatic stress disorder in male and female Vietnam veterans (1995) J Abnorm Psychol, 104, pp. 184-196;
Litz, B.T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy (2009) Clin Psychol Rev, 29, pp. 695-706;
Neria, Y., Litz, B.T., Bereavement by traumatic loss: The complex synergy of trauma and grief (2004) J Loss Trauma, 9, pp. 73-87;
Prigerson, H.G., Horowitz, M.J., Jacobs, S.C., Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11 (2009) Plos Med, 8;
Finnegan, A.P., (2011) An Exploration and Critical Analysis of Depression in the British Army, , [PhD Thesis]. Birmingham City University;
Iversen, A., Greenberg, N., Mental health of regular and reserve military veterans (2009) Adv Psychiatr Treat, 15, pp. 100-106;
Iversen, A., Staden, L., Hacker-Hughes, J., The prevalence of common mental health disorders and PTSD in the UK military. Using data from a clinical interview-based study (2009) BMC Psychiatry, 9, p. 68;
Thomas, J.L., Wilk, J.E., Riviere, L.A., Prevalence of mental health problems and functional impairment among active component and National Guard soldiers 3 and 12 months following combat in Iraq (2010) Arch Gen Psychiatry, 67, pp. 614-623;
Kok, B.C., Herrell, R.K., Thomas, J.L., Posttraumatic stress disorder associated with combat service in Iraq or Afghanistan: Reconciling prevalence differences between studies (2012) J Nerv Ment Dis, 200, pp. 444-450;
Ramchard, R., Schell, T.L., Karney, B.R., Disparate prevalence estimates of PTSD among service members who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: Possible explanations (2010) J Trauma Stress, 23, pp. 59-68;
Richardson, L.K., Frueh, B.C., Acierno, R., Prevalence estimates of combat- related post traumatic stress disorder: A critical review (2010) Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 44, pp. 4-19;
Leardmann, C.A., Smith, T.C., Ryan, M.A., Baseline self-reported functional health and vulnerability to post traumatic stress disorder after combat deployment: Prospective U.S. military cohort study (2009) BMJ, 338, pp. 1-9;
Smith, T.C., Ryan, M., Wingard, D.L., New onset and persistent symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder self-reported after deployment and combat exposures: Prospective population-based US military cohort study (2008) BMJ, 336, pp. 366-371;
(2012) The Veterans Health Administration’s Treatment of PTSD and Traumatic Brain Injury among Recent Combat Veterans, , http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/02–09-PTSD.pdf, (accessed 16 Jan 2015);
(2015) Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Assessment of the Evidence, , http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11955, Washington DC: National Academies Press, 2008, (accessed 16 Jan;
(2015) Practice Guideline for the Management of Post-Traumatic Stress, , http://www.healthquality.va.gov/ptsd/ptsd_full.pdf, 2004, (accessed 16 Jan;
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care (2005) NICE Clinical Guidelines, , http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg26, No. 26. London, (accessed 16 Jan 2015);
Foa, E.B., Keane, T.M., Friedman, M.J., (2009) Effective Treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, , New York: Guilford Press;
Forbes, D., Creamer, M., Bisson, J.I., A guide to guidelines for the treatment of PTSD and related conditions (2010) J Trauma Stress, 23, pp. 537-552;
Ballenger, J.C., Davidson, J.R., Lecrubier, Y., Consensus statement update on posttraumatic stress disorder from the international consensus group on depression and anxiety (2004) J Clin Psychiatry, 65, pp. 55-62;
Foa, E.B., Hembree, E.A., Rothbaum, B.O., Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD (2007) Emotional Processing of Traumatic Experiences, , Therapist guide. New York: Oxford University Press;
Nemeroff, C.B., Bremner, J.D., Foa, E.B., Posttraumatic stress disorder: A state-of-the-science review (2006) J Psychiatr Res, 40, pp. 1-21;
Resick, P.A., Schnicke, M.K., Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims (1992) J Consult Clin Psychol, 60, pp. 748-756;
Resick, P.A., Williams, L.F., Suvak, M.K., Long-term outcomes of cognitive-behavioural treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder among female rape survivors (2012) J Clin Consult Psychol, 80, pp. 201-210;
Friedman, M.J., (2003) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Latest Assessment and Treatment Strategies, , 3rd edn. Kansas City, KA: Compact Clinicals;
Shapiro, F., (2001) Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols and Procedures, , 2nd edn. New York: Guilford;
Stein, D.J., Ipser, J.C., Seedat, S., Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Review (2006) Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (1). , http://www.escriber.com/userfiles/ccoch/file/PTSD/CD002795.pdf, (accessed 16 Jan 2015);
Stein, D.J., Ipser, J.C., McAnda, N., Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder. A review of metaanalysis and treatment guidelines (2009) CNS Spectr, 14, pp. 25-31;
(2012) Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military and Veteran Populations: Initial Assessment, , http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2012/Treatment-for-Posttraumatic-Stress-Disorder-in-Military-and-Veteran-Populations-Initial-Assessment.aspx, Washington DC: National Academies of the Sciences, (accessed 16 Jan;
Resick, P.A., Schnicke, M.K., (1993) Cognitive Processing Therapy for Rape Victims: A Treatment Manual, , Newbury Park, CA: Sage;
Youngner, C.G., Gerardi, M., Rothbaum, B.O., PTSD: Evidence-based psychotherapy and emerging treatment approaches (2013) Psychiartyonline, 11, pp. 307-314;
Bisson, J.I., Ehlers, A., Matthews, R., Psychological treatments for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2007) Br J Psychiatry, 190, pp. 97-104;
Schnurr, P.P., Treatments for PTSD: Understanding the evidence (2008) PTSD Res Qtly, 19, pp. 1-11;
Meichenbaum, D., Stress inoculation training for coping with stressors (1996) Clin Psychol, 49, pp. 4-7;
Cukor, J., Spitalnick, J., Difede, J., Emerging treatments for PTSD (2009) Clinical Psychol Rev, 29, pp. 715-726;
Dunlop, B.W., Mansson, E., Gerardi, M., Pharmacological innovations for post traumatic stress disorder and medication enhanced psychotherapy (2012) Curr Pharm Des, 18, pp. 5645-5658;
Hayes, S.C., Strosahl, K.D., Wilson, K.G., (1999) Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An Experiential Approach to Behaviour Change, , New York: Guilford Press;
Cloitre, M., Koenen, K.C., Cohen, L.R., Skills training in affective and interpersonal regulation followed by exposure: A phase-based treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse (2002) J Consult Clin Psychol, 70, pp. 1067-1074;
Freuh, B.C., Monnie, J., Yim, E., A randomised trial of telepsychiatry for posttraumatic stress disorder (2007) J Telemed Telecare, 13, pp. 142-147;
Tuerk, P., Yoder, M., Ruggiero, K.J., A pilot study of prolonged exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder delivered via telehealth technology (2010) J Trauma Stress, 23, pp. 116-123;
Fallot, R.D., McHugo, G.J., Harris, M., The trauma recovery and empowerment model: A quasi-experimental effectiveness study (2011) J Dual Diagn, 7, pp. 74-89;
(2014) Trauma Recovery and Empowerment Model (TREM), , http://www/nrepp.samsha.gov/ViewIntervention.aspx?id=158, (accessed 16 Jan 2015);
Landes, S.J., Garovoy, N.D., Burkman, K.M., Treating complex trauma among veterans: Three stage-based treatment models (2013) J Clin Psychol, 69, pp. 523-533;
Craig, G., Emotional freedom techniques (1999) The Manual, , The Sea Ranch, California: Author;
Church, D., Hawk, C., Brooks, A., Psychological trauma symptom in veterans using emotional freedom techniques: A randomized controlled trial (2013) J Nerv Ment Dis, 201, pp. 153-160;
Karatzias, T., Powe, K., Brown, K., A controlled comparison of the effectiveness and efficiency of two psychological therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing vs. emotional freedom techniques (2011) J Nerv Ment Dis, 199, pp. 372-378;
Othmer, S., Othmer, S.F., Post traumatic stress disorder—the neurofeedback remedy (2009) Biofeedback, 37, pp. 24-31;
Spiegel, D., Dissociation and hypnosis in post-traumatic stress disorders (1988) J Trauma Stress, 1, pp. 17-33;
Spiegel, D., Hypnosis in the treatment of victims of sexual abuse (1989) Psychiatr Clin North Am, 12, pp. 295-305;
Hollifield, M., Sinclair-Lian, N., Warner, T.D., Acupuncture for posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled pilot trial (2007) J Nerv Ment Dis, 195, pp. 504-513;
Emerson, D., Sharma, R., Chaudhry, S., Trauma-sensitive yoga: Principles, practice and research (2009) Int J Yoga Ther, 19, pp. 123-128;
Cabral, P., Meye, H.B., Ames, D., Effectiveness of yoga therapy as a complimentary treatment for major psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis (2015) Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2011, p. 13. , http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3219516, (accessed 16 Jan;
Jones, N., Robert, P., Greenberg, N., Peer-group risk assessment: A post-traumatic management strategy for hierarchical organizations (2003) Occup Med, 53, pp. 469-475;
Nimenko, W., Simpson, R.G., Rear Operations Group medicine: A pilot study of psychological decompression in a Rear Oerations Group during Operation HERRICK 14 (2014) J R Army Med Corps, 160, pp. 295-297;
Hoge, C.W., Interventions for war-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Meeting veterans where they are (2011) JAMA, 306, pp. 549-551;
Bisson, J., Post-traumatic stress disorder (2007) BMJ, 334, pp. 789-793;
Schottenbauer, M.A., Glass, C.R., Arnkoff, D.B., Non-response and dropout rates in outcome studies on PTSD: Review and methodological considerations (2008) Psychiatry, 71, pp. 134-169;
Kip, K.E., Elk, C.A., Sullivan, K.L., Brief treatment of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by use of Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART) (2012) Behav Sci, 2, pp. 115-134;
Kip, K.E., Sullivan, K.L., Lengacher, C.A., Brief treatment of co-occurring posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms by use of accelerated resolution therapy (2013) Front Psychiatry, 4, pp. 1-12;
Kip, K., Rosenzweig, L.S., Hernandez, D.F., Randomized controlled trial of Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART) for symptoms of combat related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (2013) Mil Med, 178, pp. 1298-1309;
Hankin, C.S., Spiro, A., III, Miller, D.R., Mental disorders and mental health treatment among US. Department of Veterans Affairs outpatients: The veterans health study (1999) Am J Psychiatry, 156, pp. 1924-1930;
O’Donnell, M.L., Creamer, M., Pattison, P., Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma: Understanding comorbidity (2004) Am J Psychiatry, 161, pp. 1390-1396;
(2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, , 5th edn. (DSM-V). Washington DC: APA;
(1996) Diagnostic and Management Guidelines for Mental Disorders: ICD 10, , Geneva: WHO;
Finnegan, A.P., Finnegan, S.E., Thomas, M., The presentation of depression in the British Army (2014) Nurse Educ Today, 34, pp. 83-91;
Finnegan, A.P., Treating post traumatic stress disorder using Riehl’s interaction model (1995) Br J Nurs, 4, pp. 1214-1218;
Byrne, C.A., Riggs, D.S., The cycle of trauma; relationship aggression in male Vietnam veterans with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (1996) Violence Vict, 11, pp. 213-225;
Erbes, C.R., Curry, K.T., Leskela, J., Treatment presentation and adherence of Iraq/ Afghanistan era veterans in outpatient care for post traumatic stress disorder (2009) Psychol Serv, 6, pp. 175-183;
(2007) The Psychological Needs of U.S. Military Service Members and Their Families: A Preliminary Report, , http://www.ptsd.ne.gov/publications/militarydeployment-task-force-report.pdf, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, (accessed 16 Jan 2015);
Jakupcak, M., Varra, E.M., Treating Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans with PTSD who are at high risk for suicide (2011) Cogn Behav Pract, 18, pp. 85-97;
(2015), https://tango.uthscsa.edu/consortiumtoalleviateptsd, (accessed 16 Jan; (2014), http://delta.uthscsa.edu/consortiumtoalleviateptsd, (accessed 16 Jan 2015)UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84988583073&doi=10.1136%2fjramc-2015-000417&partnerID=40&md5=f38f631c75960c73edc212906a90e56c
