Abstract
Abstract. The southeastern Atlantic (SEA) and its associated cloud deck, off the west coast of central Africa, is an area where aerosol-cloud interactions can have a strong radiative impact. Seasonally, extensive biomass burning (BB) aerosol plumes from southern Africa reach this area. The NASA ObseRvations of Aerosols above Clouds and their intEractionS (ORACLES) study focused on quantitatively understanding these interactions and their importance. Here we present measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration, aerosol size distribution, and vertical updraft velocity in and around the marine boundary layer (MBL) collected by the NASA P-3B aircraft during the August 2017 ORACLES deployment. BB aerosol levels vary considerably but systematically with time; high aerosol concentrations were observed in the MBL (800-1000 cm −3 ) early on, decreasing mid-campaign to concentrations between 500-800 cm −3 . By late August and early September, relatively clean MBL conditions were sampled (< 500 cm −3 ). These data then drive a state-of-the-art droplet formation parameterization, from which the predicted cloud droplet number and its sensitivity to aerosol and dynamical parameters are derived. Droplet closure was achieved to within 20 %. Droplet formation sensitivity to aerosol concentration, vertical updraft velocity, and the hygroscopicity parameter, κ, vary and contribute to the total droplet response in the MBL clouds. When aerosol concentrations exceed ~ 900 cm −3 and maximum supersaturation approaches 0.1 %, droplet formation in the MBL enters a velocity-limited droplet activation regime, where cloud droplet number responds weakly to CCN concentration increases. Below ~ 500 cm −3 , in a clean MBL, droplet formation is much more sensitive to changes in aerosol concentration than to changes in vertical updraft. In the competitive regime, where the MBL has intermediate pollution (500-800 cm −3 ), droplet formation becomes much more sensitive to hygroscopicity (κ) variations than for clean and polluted conditions. Higher concentrations increase the sensitivity to vertical velocity by more than ten-fold. We also find that characteristic vertical velocity plays a very important role in driving droplet formation in a more polluted MBL regime, in which even a small shift in w* may make a significant difference in droplet concentrations. Identifying regimes where droplet number variability is primarily driven by updraft velocity and not aerosol concentration is key for interpreting aerosol indirect effects, especially with remote sensing. Droplet number responds proportionally to changes in characteristic velocity, offering the possibility of remote sensing of w* under velocity-limited conditions.