Characterising acute and chronic care needs: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Yves Miel H. Zuniga; Alimuddin Zumla; Liesl J. Zuhlke; Mohammad Zoladl; Boback Ziaeian; Chenwen Zhong; Xiu Ju George Zhao; Zhi Jiang Zhang; Jianrong Zhang; Nejimu Biza Zepro; Getachew Assefa Zenebe; Jean David Zeitoun; Zelalem Banjaw Zegeye; Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin; Zahra Zareshahrabadi; Kourosh Zarea; Ali Zare Dehnavi; Iman Zare; Moein Zangiabadian; Alireza Zangeneh; Nelson Zamora; Sojib Bin Zaman; Nazar Zaki; Farima Zakaryaei; Mazyar Zahir; Farbod Zahedi Tajrishi; Vesna Zadnik; Siddhesh Zadey; Hossein Yusefi; Taraneh Yousefinezhadi; Zabihollah Yousefi; Mustafa Z. Younis; Yuyi You; Naohiro Yonemoto; Dong Keon Yon; Eshetu Yisihak; Paul Yip; Vahit Yiğit; Arzu Yiğit; Siyan Yi; Pengpeng Ye; Fereshteh Yazdanpanah; Sanni Yaya; Yuichiro Yano; Lin Yang; Kazumasa Yamagishi; Tomohide Yamada; Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari; Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib Yahya Yahya; Sajad Yaghoubi; Xiaoyue Xu; Suowen Xu; Hanzhang Xu; Yang Xie; Hong Xiao; Ratna D.W.I. Wulandari; Gedif Ashebir Wubetie; Ai Min Wu; Anthony D. Woolf; Charles D.A. Wolfe; Melat Woldemariam; Daniel Sisay Wolde Tsadik; Abay Tadesse Woday; Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe; Taweewat Wiangkham; Ronny Westerman; Yi Feng Wen; Melissa Y. Wei; Abdul Waris; Paul Ward; Ziyue Wang; Yuan Pang Wang; Yu Wang; Yanzhong Wang; Linh Gia Vu; Victor Volovici; Bay Vo; Vasily Vlassov; Prashant M. Vishwanath; Francesco S. Violante; Jorge Hugo Villafañe; Dominique Vervoort; Massimiliano Veroux; Madhur Verma; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Siavash Vaziri; Milena Vasic; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Santosh Varughese; Priya Vart; Ravi Prasad Varma; Constantine Vardavas; Jef Van den Eynde; Rohollah Valizadeh; Pascual R. Valdez; Sahel Valadan Tahbaz; Alireza Vakilian; Marco Vacante; Era Upadhyay; Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan; GBD 2019 Acute and Chronic Care Collaborators; Victor Daniel Rosenthal

doi:10.1038/s41467-025-56910-x

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Characterising acute and chronic care needs: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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Characterising acute and chronic care needs: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Yves Miel H. Zuniga, Alimuddin Zumla, Liesl J. Zuhlke, Mohammad Zoladl, Boback Ziaeian, Chenwen Zhong, Xiu Ju George Zhao, Zhi Jiang Zhang, Jianrong Zhang, Nejimu Biza Zepro, …

Nature communications, Vol.16(1), pp.4235-36

2025-05-07

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56910-x

PMID: 40335470

Appears in Miller School of Medicine - Latest Publications

Abstract

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care addresses short-term conditions. Chronic conditions increasingly strain health systems, which are often unprepared for these demands. This study examines the burden of conditions requiring acute versus chronic care, including sequelae. Conditions and sequelae from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019 were classified into acute or chronic care categories. Data were analysed by age, sex, and socio-demographic index, presenting total numbers and contributions to burden metrics such as Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), Years Lived with Disability (YLD), and Years of Life Lost (YLL). Approximately 68% of DALYs were attributed to chronic care, while 27% were due to acute care. Chronic care needs increased with age, representing 86% of YLDs and 71% of YLLs, and accounting for 93% of YLDs from sequelae. These findings highlight that chronic care needs far exceed acute care needs globally, necessitating health systems to adapt accordingly. Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

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Title: Characterising acute and chronic care needs: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Creators: Yves Miel H. Zuniga - MentalHealthPH, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines
Alimuddin Zumla - NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR-BRC), University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
Liesl J. Zuhlke - University of Cape Town
Mohammad Zoladl - Yasuj University of Medical Sciences
Boback Ziaeian - University of California, Los Angeles
Chenwen Zhong - Chinese University of Hong Kong
Xiu Ju George Zhao - Wuhan University
Zhi Jiang Zhang - Wuhan University
Jianrong Zhang - Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre
Nejimu Biza Zepro - Department of Nursing, Samara University, Semera, Ethiopia
Getachew Assefa Zenebe - Dilla University
Jean David Zeitoun - Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris
Zelalem Banjaw Zegeye - Jimma University
Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education
Zahra Zareshahrabadi - Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Kourosh Zarea - Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Ali Zare Dehnavi - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Iman Zare - Sina
Moein Zangiabadian - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Alireza Zangeneh - Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Nelson Zamora - Hospital San Juan de Dios, Tarija, Bolivia
Sojib Bin Zaman - James Madison University
Nazar Zaki - United Arab Emirates University
Farima Zakaryaei - Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Mazyar Zahir - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Farbod Zahedi Tajrishi - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Vesna Zadnik - Institute of Oncology Ljubljana
Siddhesh Zadey - Duke University
Hossein Yusefi - Department of Internal Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
Taraneh Yousefinezhadi - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Zabihollah Yousefi - Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
Mustafa Z. Younis - Universiti Putra Malaysia
Yuyi You - Macquarie University
Naohiro Yonemoto - Juntendo University
Dong Keon Yon - Kyung Hee University
Eshetu Yisihak - Arba Minch University
Paul Yip - University of Hong Kong
Vahit Yiğit - Department of Health Management, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi (Süleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey
Arzu Yiğit - Department of Health Management, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi (Süleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey
Siyan Yi - Center for Population Health Research, KHAPhnom Penh, Cambodia
Pengpeng Ye - UNSW Sydney
Fereshteh Yazdanpanah - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Sanni Yaya - The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Yuichiro Yano - Duke University
Lin Yang - University of Calgary
Kazumasa Yamagishi - The University of Osaka
Tomohide Yamada - Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari - Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib Yahya Yahya - University of Duhok
Sajad Yaghoubi - Iranshahr University
Xiaoyue Xu - Cardiovascular Program, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Suowen Xu - University of Rochester
Hanzhang Xu - Duke University
Yang Xie - Department of Behavior and Operation Management, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
Hong Xiao - Department of Public Health Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
Ratna D.W.I. Wulandari - Department of Health Policy and Administration, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
Gedif Ashebir Wubetie - Arba Minch University
Ai Min Wu - Wenzhou Medical University
Anthony D. Woolf - Global Alliance for Musculoskeletal Health, St Leonards, Australia
Charles D.A. Wolfe - NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospital and Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
Melat Woldemariam - Arba Minch University
Daniel Sisay Wolde Tsadik - Dilla University
Abay Tadesse Woday - Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe - Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Taweewat Wiangkham - Naresuan University
Ronny Westerman - Federal Institute for Population Research
Yi Feng Wen - Xi'an Jiaotong University
Melissa Y. Wei - Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Abdul Waris - City University of Hong Kong
Paul Ward - Torrens University Australia
Ziyue Wang - Peking University
Yuan Pang Wang - Universidade de São Paulo
Yu Wang - Peking University Third Hospital
Yanzhong Wang - King's College London
Linh Gia Vu - Duy Tan University
Victor Volovici - Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Bay Vo - HUTECH University
Vasily Vlassov - Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
Prashant M. Vishwanath - JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research
Francesco S. Violante - Occupational Health Unit, Sant’Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
Jorge Hugo Villafañe - Clinical Research Department, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
Dominique Vervoort - Johns Hopkins University
Massimiliano Veroux - University of Catania
Madhur Verma - All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Siavash Vaziri - Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Milena Vasic - Institute of Public Health of Serbia
Tommi Juhani Vasankari - Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
Santosh Varughese - Christian Medical College
Priya Vart - University of Groningen
Ravi Prasad Varma - Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
Constantine Vardavas - University of Crete
Jef Van den Eynde - Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
Rohollah Valizadeh - Urmia University of Medical Sciences
Pascual R. Valdez - Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Sahel Valadan Tahbaz - Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Alireza Vakilian - Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
Marco Vacante - University of Catania
Era Upadhyay - Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan - Kasturba Medical College, Manipal
GBD 2019 Acute and Chronic Care Collaborators
Victor Daniel Rosenthal - UMMG Department of Public Health Sciences Research
Publication Details: Nature communications, Vol.16(1), pp.4235-36
Grant note: Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust as part of the Addressing the Challenge and Constraints of Insulin SourcesDepartment of Science and Innovation at the National Research FoundationCentre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modeling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, South AfricaAmerican University of AntiguaShaqra UniversityNational Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), Applied Research Collaboration (ARC)Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern TechnologiesUniversity of Melbourne and Monash UniversityDepartment of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, International Medical University, MalaysiaInternational Centre for CasemixInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) for the global health research initiatives at the University of WashingtonBernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine in Hamburg, GermanyPublic Health Agency of CanadaSir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Medical College in Belle Rive, MauritiusHeidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg University in Heidelberg, GermanyStellenbosch Institute of Advanced Study (STIAS), in Stellenbosch, South AfricaKasturba Medical College, Mangalore and Manipal Academy of Higher Education, ManipalDiscipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal in Durban, South AfricaCNPq: 307329/2022-4 University of Leicester Department of Population Health SciencesSociedad Argentina de MedicinaGlobal Alliance for Musculoskeletal HealthItalian Center of Precisione Medicine and Chronic InflammationUnited States Department of Veterans AffairsIndian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi)Ain Shams University, Faculty Of Medicine, Internal Medicine, and Adult Hematology Department in Cairo, EgyptInstitute of Health Sciences, Wallaga UniversityDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in Isfahan, IranAuckland University of TechnologyUK National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Academic Clinical LectureshipResearch Institute for Endocrine Sciences in Tehran, IranAsian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology (AIMST University), MalaysiaTsinghua University International Cooperation Special Project of Initiative Scientific Research ProgramDepartment of Community Medicine at Kasturba Medical College, MangaloreManipal Academy of Higher Education in Manipal, IndiaKornhauser Research Fellowship at The University of SydneyGlobal Consortium for Public Health Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and ResearchManipal Academy of Higher Education: K43 TW010716-05s1 Sistema Nacional de Investigacion (SNI)Panama's Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion (SENACYT)Taipei Medical UniversityLung Foundation AustraliaGeorge Institute for Global Health and University of New SouthWalesAlexander von Humboldt (AvH) FoundationNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center at Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, King's College LondonNIHR: NIHR202769 Italian Ministry of Health, Ricerca Corrente 2023Ateneo de Manila UniversityInternational Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad: 44000 I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Nassau University Medical CenterDatta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and ResearchData Science Research Unit at Charles Sturt UniversityKing Abdulaziz University (DSR) in JeddahKing Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACSAT) in Saudi Arabia, Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF)US-Egypt Science & Technology Joint FundAcademy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT), in EgyptManipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationInternational Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR) in Islamabad, PakistanAin Shams UniversityEgyptian Fulbright Mission ProgramSchool of Computational and Integrative Sciences: SCIS Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, IndiaInstitute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Research CouncilKerala University of Health Sciences in Kerala, IndiaJazan UniversityDepartment of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy Of Higher Education, Manipal, IndiaHealth Data Research UKInternational Graduate Research Scholarship, University of TasmaniaBizzell Global, LLCScientific Research Unit at Shaqra University, Saudi ArabiaMedical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)Christian Medical College VelloreSaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences and SRM Institute of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Agriculture, FaisalabadItalian Ministry of Health: 2023 Public Health Sciences Division of Fred Hutchinson Cancer CenterDepartment of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences in Neyshabur, Iran
This research was funded by The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust as part of the Addressing the Challenge and Constraints of Insulin Sources and Supply (ACCISS) Study. Statements and conclusions presented in this report are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Helmsley Charitable Trust. All references and conclusions are intended for educational and informative purposes and do not constitute an endorsement or recommendation from the Helmsley Charitable Trust. O O Adetokunboh acknowledges support from the Department of Science and Innovation at the National Research Foundation, the Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modeling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, South Africa. J M Acuna acknowledges support from American University of Antigua. A Ahmad acknowledges support from Shaqra University. K Ahmadi acknowledges support from the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), Applied Research Collaboration (ARC), Northwest London (the views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care). S Alian Samakkhah acknowledges support from the Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies. S M Alif acknowledges support from The University of Melbourne and Monash University. S M Aljunid acknowledges support from the Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Malaysia and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. S Almustanyir acknowledges support from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) for the global health research initiatives at the University of Washington. J H Amuasi acknowledges support from Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine in Hamburg, Germany. A Badawi acknowledges support from the Public Health Agency of Canada. I Banerjee acknowledges support from Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Medical College in Belle Rive, Mauritius. S Barteit acknowledges support from the Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg University in Heidelberg, Germany. H Benzian acknowledges support from Stellenbosch Institute of Advanced Study (STIAS), in Stellenbosch, South Africa. A N Bhat, J R Padubidi, A Shetty, B S K Shetty, and B Unnikrishnan acknowledge support from Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore and Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. M K Boachie acknowledges support from the Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal in Durban, South Africa. L C Brant acknowledges support from CNPq (307329/2022-4). T Brugha acknowledges support from The University of Leicester Department of Population Health Sciences and the Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, United Kingdom. L A Camera acknowledges support from the Sociedad Argentina de Medicina. M Cross acknowledges support from the Global Alliance for Musculoskeletal Health. G Damiani acknowledges support from the Italian Center of Precisione Medicine and Chronic Inflammation. R P Dellavalle acknowledges support from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, which in no way endorses the content of the manuscript. S Dey acknowledges support from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) for the Institute Chair Fellowship. G M T ElGohary acknowledges support from the Ain Shams University, Faculty Of Medicine, Internal Medicine, and Adult Hematology Department in Cairo, Egypt. WEtafa acknowledges support from the Institute of Health Sciences, Wallaga University. A Fatehizadeh acknowledges support from the Department of Environmental Health Engineering of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in Isfahan, Iran. V L Feigin acknowledges support from Auckland University of Technology. J C Glasbey acknowledges support from a UK National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Academic Clinical Lectureship. A Halimi acknowledges support from the Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences in Tehran, Iran. N E Ismail acknowledges institutional support from Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology (AIMST University), Malaysia. J S Ji acknowledges support from Tsinghua University International Cooperation Special Project of Initiative Scientific Research Program. N Joseph acknowledges support from the Department of Community Medicine at Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, and Manipal Academy of Higher Education in Manipal, India. H Kandel acknowledges support from the Kornhauser Research Fellowship at The University of Sydney. M N Khatib acknowledges support from the Global Consortium for Public Health Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research. S L Koulmane Laxminarayana acknowledges support from Manipal Academy of Higher Education. M Kumar acknowledges support from K43 TW010716-05s1. I Landires acknowledges support from the Sistema Nacional de Investigacion (SNI) which is supported by Panama's Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion (SENACYT). K Latief acknowledges support from Taipei Medical University during the conduct of this review. G Liu acknowledges support from the Lung Foundation Australia. M A Mahmoud acknowledges support from Taibah University to participate in this research project. P Maulik acknowledges support from the George Institute for Global Health and University of New SouthWales. S Mohammed acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt (AvH) Foundation. M Molokhia acknowledges support from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center at Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, King's College London, and NIHR grant NIHR202769. A R Pathan acknowledges support from Author Gates Publications. P Pedersini acknowledges support from the Italian Ministry of Health, Ricerca Corrente 2023. V C Pepito acknowledges support from Ateneo de Manila University. Z Z Piracha acknowledges support from the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad (44000) Pakistan. R V Polibin acknowledges support from the Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University). I Qattea acknowledges support from the Nassau University Medical Center. Z Quazi Syed acknowledges support from Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research. A Rahman acknowledges support from the Data Science Research Unit at Charles Sturt University. E M M Redwan acknowledges support from King Abdulaziz University (DSR) in Jeddah, and King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACSAT) in Saudi Arabia, Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF), and US-Egypt Science & Technology Joint Fund, and The Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT), in Egypt. B Reshmi acknowledges support from Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education. U Saeed acknowledges support from the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR) in Islamabad, Pakistan. A M Samy acknowledges support from Ain Shams University and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. R K Saroj acknowledges support from the School of Computational and Integrative Sciences (SC&IS), Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, India. HR Shahsavari acknowledges support from the Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Research Council. K S Shaji acknowledges support from Kerala University of Health Sciences in Kerala, India. M Shanawaz acknowledges support from Jazan University. P H Shetty acknowledges support from the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy Of Higher Education, Manipal, India. A Sheikh acknowledges support from Health Data Research UK. A Singh acknowledges support from the International Graduate Research Scholarship, University of Tasmania. D A Sleet acknowledges support from Bizzell Global, LLC. MTabish acknowledges support from the Scientific Research Unit at Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia. MTaheri acknowledges support from the Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. G W Tesema acknowledges support from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Nih Thomas acknowledges support from the Christian Medical College Vellore. M R Tovani-Palone acknowledges support from the Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences and SRM Institute of Science and Technology. Sai Ullah acknowledges support from the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. J H Villafane acknowledges support and funding from the Italian Ministry of Health, Ricerca Corrente 2023. H Xiao acknowledges support from the Public Health Sciences Division of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center. S Yaghoubi acknowledges support from the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences in Neyshabur, Iran.
Academic Unit: Miller School of Medicine; UMMG Department of Public Health Sciences Research
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article
PMID: 40335470
Record Identifier: 991032795864302976