Abstract
Chronic endometritis (CE) is a poorly investigated pathology which has been related to adverse reproductive out-
comes, such as implantation failure and recurrent miscarriage. In this paper, we aim to provide an overview of diag-
nosis, etiology, pathophysiology and treatment of CE, its impact on endometrial microenvironment and its associa-
tion with infertility. We present a narrative review of the current literatures, synthesizing the findings retrieved from
searches of computerized databases. CE is more prevalent in infertile patients. Effective antibiotic treatment of CE
seems to improve the pregnancy and live birth rate in patients with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), and
increase ongoing pregnancy rate in patients with recurrent implantation failure. In order to increase the diagnostic ac-
curacy, immunohistochemistry is recommended besides the conventional histology. In addition, hysteroscopy could
be considered as gold standard tool for diagnosis, considering its high correlation with histological findings. CE, as
the chronic inflammation of endometrium, is usually asymptomatic and probably underestimated. Interaction of bac-
teria with endometrial microenvironment promotes changes in leukocyte population, cytokine production and growth
factors which support its negative impact on endometrial receptivity. Nevertheless, standardization of the criteria for
histopathological diagnosis and immunohistochemistry technique needs to be defined.
