Abstract
Scleroderma is a chronic systemic disease that leads to fibrosis of affected organs. Transforming growth factor (TGF) β has been implicated in the pathogenesis of scleroderma. Smad proteins are signaling transducers downstream from TGF-β receptors. Three families of Smads have been identified: (
i
) receptor-regulated Smad2 and -3 (R-Smads); (
ii
) common partner Smad4 (Co-Smad); and (
iii
) inhibitory Smad6 and -7 (I-Smads, part of a negative feedback loop). We have investigated the signaling components for the TGF-β pathway and TGF-β activity in scleroderma lesions
in vivo
and in scleroderma fibroblasts
in vitro
. Basal level and TGF-β-inducible expression of Smad7 are selectively decreased, whereas Smad3 expression is increased both in scleroderma skin and in explanted scleroderma fibroblasts in culture. TGF-β signaling events, including phosphorylation of Smad2 and -3, and transcription of the
PAI-1
gene are increased in scleroderma fibroblasts, relative to normal fibroblasts.
In vitro
adenoviral gene transfer with Smad7 restores normal TGF-β signaling in scleroderma fibroblasts. These results suggest that alterations in the Smad pathway, including marked Smad7 deficiency and Smad3 up-regulation, may be responsible for TGF-β hyperresponsiveness observed in scleroderma.
