Abstract
Global change will impact the distribution and abundance of predators through a combination of abiotic variables, such as temperature; and biotic variables, such as prey availability. However, there is a poor understanding of how distribution projections with biotic variables differ from those with abiotic variables, particularly in resource-limited marine systems. We address this knowledge gap using the planktonic larvae of iconic and economically important pelagic fish predators. We leverage a multidecadal, long-term sampling program from the western Atlantic Ocean to assess the efficacy of using zooplankton prey (copepods, larvaceans and cladocerans) and climate variables to predict the distribution of larvae of seven pelagic fish species, including tunas, billfishes and mahi-mahi. Zooplankton prey, particularly larvaceans, showed high importance for predicting the distribution of smaller tunas. Temperature showed high importance for true tuna Thunnus spp., billfish and mahi-mahi. Statistical models linking predator, prey and abiotic variables were forced with climate projections from an ensemble of earth system models to assess zooplankton and fish larvae distribution changes. Redistributions and declines of zooplankton prey led to minimal changes in abundance and distribution for most larval taxa. However, direct climate change effects, driven partially by ocean warming, led to increases in abundance and northward distribution shifts for multiple larval taxa. These climate change-zooplankton-fish larvae relationships highlight that future distribution and abundance changes of predators can be dampened when assessing impacts of prey availability changes. We also show that in a resource-limited system, key pelagic predators, many of which produce lucrative fisheries, are spatiotemporally linked with their preferred zooplankton prey.