Abstract
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress–Induced Apoptosis Is Partly Mediated by Reduced Insulin Signaling Through Phosphatidylinositol
3-Kinase/Akt and Increased Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β in Mouse Insulinoma Cells
Shanthi Srinivasan ,
Mitsuru Ohsugi ,
Zhonghao Liu ,
Szabolcs Fatrai ,
Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi and
M. Alan Permutt
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Address correspondence and reprint requests to M. Alan Permutt MD, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research,
Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8127, St. Louis, MO 63110. E-mail: apermutt{at}im.wustl.edu
Abstract
An imbalance between the rate of protein synthesis and folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) results in stress
that has been increasingly implicated in pancreatic islet β-cell apoptosis and diabetes. Because insulin/IGF/Akt signaling
has been implicated in β-cell survival, we sought to determine whether this pathway is involved in ER stress–induced apoptosis.
Mouse insulinoma cells treated with pharmacological agents commonly used to induce ER stress exhibited apoptosis within 48
h. ER stress–induced apoptosis was inhibited by cotreatment of the cells with IGF-1. Stable cell lines were created by small-interfering
RNA (siRNA) with graded reduction of insulin receptor expression, and these cells had enhanced susceptibility to ER stress–induced
apoptosis and reduced levels of phospho–glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). In control cells, ER stress–induced apoptosis
was associated with a reduction in phospho-Akt and phospho-GSK3β. To further assess the role of GSK3β in ER stress–induced
apoptosis, stable cell lines were created by siRNA with up to 80% reduction in GSK3β expression. These cells were found to
resist ER stress–induced apoptosis. These results illustrate that ER stress–induced apoptosis is mediated at least in part
by signaling through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/GSK3β pathway and that GSK3β represents a novel target for agents
to promote β-cell survival.
eIF2α, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α
ER, endoplasmic reticulum
GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β
JNK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase
IKRD, insulin receptor knock down
PARP, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase
PERK, PKR-like ER kinase/pancreatic eIF2α kinase
PI3, phosphatidylinositol 3
Q-VD-OPh, N-(2-quinolyl)valyl-aspartyl-(2,6-difluorophenoxy)methyl ketone
siRNA, small-interfering RNA
Footnotes
S.S. is currently affiliated with the Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
S.S., M.O., and Z.L. contributed equally to this study.
Accepted January 1, 2005.
Received June 28, 2004.
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