Abstract
While aging is associated with predictable phenotypic changes, with associated effects on cardiovascular physiology and related clinical manifestations, the timing and pace of aging is modifiable. Exercise has been demonstrated to moderate fundamental aspects of aging and related vulnerability to disease. Habitual physical activity and exercise is associated with relatively more youthful physiology and capacities extending from subcellular function to integrated organ systems. Even when seniors are already encumbered by age-related limitations or disease, aerobic, strength and other training regimens can help restore physical function, balance and flexibility, as well as inter-related dynamics of health. In this perspective, we describe age-related changes and vulnerabilities, particularly pertaining to the cardiovascular system and inter-related skeletal muscle health, and the utility of exercise training to allay aging and/or restore capacities even after aging encumbrances have started.