Abstract
Digital platforms, such as Apple's iOS and Google's Android, face two major challenges in maintaining their competitive positions. First, the ever-increasing variety of third-party apps risks fragmenting a platform and requires the platform owner to use controls to maintain platform unity. Second, a too-open approach may invite competitors to exploit a platform. A balanced digital platform strategy requires a platform owner to deploy four tactics-leverage, control, exploit, and defense-to make the necessary trade-offs between variety and unity, and open and closed.(1,2)
