References: Amin, S., Basu, A.M., Stephenson, R., Spatial variation in contraceptive use in Bangladesh: looking beyond the borders (2002) Demography, 39 (4), pp. 251-267;
Burgard, S.A., Lee-Rife, S.M., Community characteristics, sexual initiation, and condom use among young black South Africans (2009) Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50 (3), pp. 293-309;
Campbell, J., Jones, A.S., Dienemann, J., Kub, J., Schollenberger, J., O’Campo, P., Wynne, C., Intimate partner violence and physical health consequences (2002) Archives of Internal Medicine, 162 (10), pp. 1157-1163;
Campbell, R., Dworkin, E., Cabral, G., An ecological model of the impact of sexual assault on women’s mental health (2009) Trauma,Violence, and Abuse, 10 (3), pp. 225-246;
Chard, A.N., Finneran, C., Sullivan, P. S., Stephenson, R., Experiences of homophobia among gay and bisexual men: Results from a cross-sectional study in seven countries (2015) Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17 (10), pp. 1174-1189;
Chromy, J., Odom, D., Eyerman, J., McNeeley, M., The effect of interviewer experience on the interview process in the national survey on drug use and health (2003) JSM Proceedings,Survey Research Methods Section, pp. 954-961. , Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association. (–);
Clarke, P., Sproston, K., Thomas, R., An investigation into expectation-led interviewer effects in health surveys (2003) Social Science & Medicine, 56 (10), pp. 2221-2228;
Davis, D.W., Nonrandom measurement error and race of interviewer effects among African Americans (1997) The Public Opinion Quarterly, 61 (1), pp. 183-207;
Davis, R.E., Couper, M.P., Janz, N.K., Caldwell, C.H., Resnicow, K., Interviewer effects in public health surveys (2009) Health Education Research, 25 (1), pp. 14-26;
Decker, M.R., Peitzmeier, S., Olumide, A., Acharya, R., Ojengbede, O., Covarrubias, L., Brahmbhatt, H., Prevalence and health impact of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence among female adolescents aged 15–19 years in vulnerable urban environments: a multi-country study (2014) Journal of Adolescent Health, 55 (6), pp. S58-S67. , (Supplement);
(2017) Languages of Zimbabwe, , www.devere-zimbabwe.co.zw/news/zimbabwe-official-languages, DeVere;
Diez-Roux, A.V., Multilevel analysis in public health research (2000) Annual Review of Public Health, 21, pp. 171-192;
Durrant, G.B., Steele, F., Multilevel modelling of refusal and non-contact in household surveys: evidence from six UK government surveys (2009) Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A: Statistics in Society, 172 (2), pp. 361-381;
Durrant, G.B., Groves, R.M., Staetsky, L., Steele, F., Effects of interviewer attitudes and behaviors on refusal in household surveys (2010) Public Opinion Quarterly, 74 (1), pp. 1-36;
Edwards, A. L., The relationship between the judged desirability of a trait and the probability that the trait will be endorsed (1953) Journal of Applied Psychology, 37 (2), p. 90;
Elfstrom, K.M., Stephenson, R., The role of place in shaping contraceptive use among women in Africa (2012) PLoS ONE, 7 (7);
Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., Peña, R., Agurto, S., andWinkvist, A., Researching domestic violence against women: methodological and ethical considerations (2001) Studies in Family Planning, 32 (1), pp. 1-16;
Garcia-Moreno, C., Jansen, H.A., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., Watts, C.H., Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence (2006) Lancet, 368 (9543), pp. 1260-1269;
Gfroerer, J.C., Eyerman, J., Chromy, J.R., (2002) Redesigning an ongoing national household survey: Methodological issues, , Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies;
Groves, R.M., (2004) Survey errors and survey costs, , Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons;
Heise, L.L., Violence against women: an integrated, ecological framework (1998) Violence Against Women, 4 (3), pp. 262-290;
Hines, D.A., Douglas, E.M., Mahmood, S., The effects of survey administration on disclosure rates to sensitive items among men:A comparison of an internet panel sample with a RDD telephone sample (2010) Computers in Human Behavior, 26 (6), pp. 1327-1335;
Hughes, A., Chromy, J., Giacoletti, K., Odom, D., Impact of interviewer experience on respondent reports of substance use (2002) Redesigning an Ongoing National Household Survey: Methodological Issues, pp. 161-184. , J.C. Gfroerer, J. Eyerman and J.R. Chromy (eds) Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies;
(2017) Demographic and Health Surveys Interviewer’s Manual, , ICF International (a) Rockville, MD: ICF;
(2017) Who we are, , https://dhsprogram.com/who-we-are/About-Us.cfm, ICF International (b);
Jansen, H.A., Watts, C., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., Garcia-Moreno, C., Interviewer training in the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence (2004) Violence Against Women, 10 (7), pp. 831-849;
Jewkes, R., Levin, J., Penn-Kekana, L., Risk factors for domestic violence: findings from a South African cross-sectional study (2002) Social Science & Medicine, 55 (9), pp. 1603-1617. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00294-5;
Jewkes, R.K., Levin, J.B., Penn-Kekana, L.A., Gender inequalities, intimate partner violence and HIV preventive practices: findings of a South African cross-sectional study (2003) Social Science & Medicine, 56 (1), pp. 125-134;
Kalyuga, S., Ayres, P., Chandler, P., Sweller, J., The expertise reversal effect (2003) Educational Psychologist, 38 (1), pp. 23-31;
Kishor, S., Elkasabi, M., Nybro, E., (2017) A new DHS questionnaire: interviewing fieldworkers, , https://blog.dhsprogram.com/fieldworkers/;
Krysan, M., Couper, M.P., Race in the live and the virtual interview: racial deference, social desirability, and activation effects in attitude surveys (2003) Social Psychology Quarterly, 66 (4), pp. 364-383;
Luke, D.A., Getting the big picture in community science: methods that capture context (2005) American Journal of Community Psychology, 35 (3), pp. 185-200. , (/4);
McGlone, M.S., Aronson, J., Kobrynowicz, D., Stereotype threat and the gender gap in political knowledge (2006) Psychology ofWomen Quarterly, 30 (4), pp. 392-398;
Metheny, N., Stephenson, R., How the community shapes unmet need for modern contraception: an analysis of 44 demographic and health surveys (2017) Studies in Family Planning, 48 (3), pp. 235-251;
Milligan, L., Insider-outsider-inbetweener? Researcher positioning, participative methods and cross-cultural educational research (2016) Compare:A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 46 (2), pp. 235-250;
Olson, K., Bilgen, I., The role of interviewer experience on acquiescence (2011) Public Opinion Quarterly, 75 (1), pp. 99-114;
Olson, K., Peytchev, A., Effect of interviewer experience on interview pace and interviewer attitudes (2007) Public Opinion Quarterly, 71 (2), pp. 273-286;
Palermo, T., Bleck, J., Peterman, A., Tip of the iceberg: reporting and gender-based violence in developing countries (2014) American Journal of Epidemiology, 179 (5), pp. 602-612;
Park, H., Currivan, D., Wang, K., Heddon, S., Highes, A., Painter, D., (2014) National survey on drug use and health: Summary of methodological studies, 1971–2014, , 0212800.001.208.007.034, Rockville, MD: Substance Use and Mental Health Services Administration;
Paulhus, D.L., Socially desirable responding: the evolution of a construct (2001) The Role of Constructs in Psychological and Educational Measurement, pp. 49-69. , H. I. Braun, D. N. Jackson and D. E. Wiley (eds) 1st edn, Mahwah, New Jersey: Routledge;
Perinelli, E., Gremigni, P., Use of social desirability scales in clinical psychology: a systematic review (2016) Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72 (6), pp. 534-551;
Schuman, H., Converse, J.M., The effects of black and white interviewers on black responses in 1968 (1971) Public Opinion Quarterly, 35 (1), pp. 44-68;
Shepherd, D.A., Zacharakis, A., Baron, R.A., VCs’ decision processes: evidence suggesting more experience may not always be better (2003) Journal of Business Venturing, 18 (3), pp. 381-401;
Singer, E., Frankel, M.R., Glassman, M.B., The effect of interviewer characteristics and expectations on response (1983) Public Opinion Quarterly, 47 (1), pp. 68-83;
Steele, F., Curtis, S.L., Appropriate methods for analyzing the effect of method choice on contraceptive discontinuation (2003) Demography, 40 (1), pp. 1-22;
Steele, F., Diamond, I., Contraceptive switching in Bangladesh (1999) Studies in Family Planning, 30 (4), pp. 315-328;
Steele, F., Diamond, I., Amin, S., Immunization uptake in rural Bangladesh: a multilevel analysis (1996) Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A: Statistics in Society, 159 (2), pp. 289-299;
Stephenson, R., Community factors shaping HIV-related stigma among young people in three African countries (2009) AIDS Care, 21 (4), pp. 403-410;
Stephenson, R., Elfstrom, K.M., Community influences on antenatal and delivery care in Bangladesh, Egypt, and Rwanda (2012) Public Health Reports, 127 (1), pp. 96-106;
Stephenson, R., Baschieri, A., Clements, S., Hennink, M., Madise, N., Contextual influences on modern contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa (2007) American Journal of Public Health, 97 (7), pp. 1233-1240;
Stephenson, R., Koenig, M.A., Acharya, R., Roy, T.K., Domestic violence, contraceptive use, and unwanted pregnancy in rural India (2008) Studies in Family Planning, 39 (3), pp. 177-186;
Stephenson, R., Elfstrom, K.M., Winter, A., Community influences on married men’s uptake of HIV testing in eight African countries (2013) AIDS and Behavior, 17 (7), pp. 2352-2366;
Sweller, J., Ayres, P., Kalyuga, S., The expertise reversal effect (2011) Cognitive load theory, pp. 155-170. , NewYork: Springer;
Computer-assisted self-interview (CASI), , http://acasi.tufts.edu/casi.htm, Tufts University School of Medicine (n.d) Retrieved from;
Ventimiglia, M., MacDonald, D.A., An examination of the factorial dimensionality of the marlowe crowne social desirability scale (2012) Personality and Individual Differences, 52 (4), pp. 487-491;
Visschers, J., Jaspaert, E., andVervaeke, G., Social desirability in intimate partner violence and relationship satisfaction reports: An exploratory analysis (2017) Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32 (9), pp. 1401-1420;
Weinreb, A.A., The limitations of stranger-interviewers in Rural Kenya (2006) American Sociological Review, 71 (6), pp. 1014-1039;
(2013) Global and Regional Estimates of Violence Against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner and Non-partner SexualViolence, , World Health Organization Geneva:World Health Organization;
(2017) Violence against women, , www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/, World Health Organization
