Abstract
Little attention has been paid to how civilians perceive different forms of violence during wartime, including interpersonal violence (between individuals) and political or military violence (associated with political goals). Understanding perceptions of violence is crucial for designing effective interventions and support systems that address both immediate and long-term consequences of conflict-related violence. This study utilizes qualitative interviews with 50 civilians in Ukraine, including local residents and internally displaced persons, to examine attitudes toward violence during wartime. Results reveal that, while Ukrainians largely reject all forms of violence, violent behavior is more commonly accepted when used in self-defense. Non-displaced respondents are more likely to justify violent resistance during revolutions and riots against oppressive governments, whereas displaced individuals are somewhat more inclined to view violence as more acceptable in extreme interpersonal conflicts. Furthermore, the concept of "latent violence" has emerged. It captures the underlying feelings of worry, discomfort, and suffering experienced during wartime, which can accumulate over time and manifest as unexpected emotional outbursts. Policy implications for reducing the acceptance of violence during war are discussed.