Abstract
► Microibal sources of intact polar diacylglycerolipids were identified. ► Photoautotrophs are sole source of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol. ► Eukaryotic phytoplankton are likely source of a betaine lipid. ► Heterotrophic bacteria are sole source of phosphatidylglycerol.
Intact polar membrane lipids are essential components of microbial membranes and recent work has uncovered a diversity of them occurring in the ocean. While it has long been understood that lipid composition varies across microbial groups, the microbial origins of the intact polar lipids in the surface ocean remain to be fully explained. This study focused on identifying the microbial sources of intact polar diacylglycerolipids (IP-DAGs) in the surface waters of the western North Atlantic Ocean. We used three approaches to define these microbial sources: (i) 13C tracing to identify photoautotrophic and heterotrophic production of the major classes of IP-DAGs, (ii) cell sorting flow cytometry of Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and heterotrophic bacteria to determine IP-DAG composition and (iii) regrowth incubations targeting IP-DAG production by heterotrophic bacteria. Stable isotope tracing indicated that sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) and diacylglyceryl-trimethyl-homoserine (DGTS) were produced predominantly by photoautotrophs, while phosphatidylglycerol (PG) production was dominated by heterotrophic bacteria. Of the cells sorted with flow cytometry, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus were found to have abundant glycolipids, while heterotrophic bacteria were dominated by phospholipids. The regrowth incubations showed that the growth of heterotrophic bacteria correlated with an increase in the concentration of PG, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and monoglycosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG). The finding of MGDG in heterotrophic bacteria differs from previous work, which had asserted that the membranes of heterotrophic bacteria in this environment were composed entirely of phospholipids. Overall, our findings indicate that phytoplankton are the primary source of SQDG and DGTS, while heterotrophic bacteria are the dominant source of PG, making these three compounds promising biomarkers for the study of microbes in the surface ocean.
