Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) is a redox cofactor critical for oxidative phosphorylation. Nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinamide riboside (NR) are NAD(+) precursors widely used as nutritional supplements to augment oxidative phosphorylation. Indeed, NAD(+) precursors have been reported to improve outcomes in ischemic stroke when administered as a rescue therapy after stroke onset. However, we have also reported that enhanced reliance on oxidative phosphorylation before ischemia onset might worsen outcomes. To address the paradox, we examined how NAD(+) precursors modulate the outcome of middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice, when administered either 20 minutes after reperfusion or daily for three days before ischemia onset. A single post-ischemic dose of NAM or NR indeed improved tissue and neurologic outcomes examined at 72 hours. In contrast, pre-ischemic treatment for three days enlarged the infarcts and worsened neurological deficits. As a possible explanation for the diametric outcomes, a single dose of NAM or NR augmented tissue AMPK, PGC1 alpha, SIRT1, and ATP in both naive and ischemic brains, while the multiple-dose paradigm failed to do so. Our data suggest that NAD(+) precursor supplements may sensitize the brain to subsequent ischemic events, despite their neuroprotective effect when administered after ischemia onset.
