Abstract
Background
The manual segmentation of intact blood–brain barrier (BBB) regions in the stroke brain is cumbersome, due to the coexistence of infarction, large blood vessels, ventricles, and intact BBB regions, specifically in areas with weak signal enhancement following contrast agent injection.
Hypothesis
That from dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)‐MRI alone, without user intervention, regions of weak BBB damage can be segmented based on the leakage‐related parameter K
2 and the extent of intact BBB regions, needed to estimate K
2 values, determined.
Study Type
Feasibility.
Animal Model
Ten female Sprague–Dawley rats (SD, 200–250g) underwent 1‐hour middle carotid artery occlusion (MCAO) and 1‐day reperfusion. Two SD rats underwent 1‐hour MCAO with 3‐day and 5‐day reperfusion.
Field Strength/Sequence
7T; ADC and T1 maps using diffusion‐weighted echo planar imaging (EPI) and relaxation enhancement (RARE) with variable repetition time (TR), respectively. dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE)‐MRI using FLASH. DSC‐MRI using gradient‐echo EPI.
Assessment
Constrained nonnegative matrix factorization (cNMF) was applied to the dynamic ΔR2*‐curves of DSC‐MRI (<4 min) in a BBB‐disrupted rat model. Areas of voxels with intact BBB, classified by automated cNMF analyses, were then used in estimating K
1 and K
2 values, and compared with corresponding values from manually‐derived areas.
Statistical Tests
Mean ± standard deviation of ΔT1‐differences between ischemic and healthy areas were displayed with unpaired Student's t‐tests. Scatterplots were displayed with slopes and intercepts and Pearson's r values were evaluated between K
2 maps obtained with automatic (cNMF)‐ and manually‐derived regions of interest (ROIs) of the intact BBB region.
Results
Mildly BBB‐damaged areas (indistinguishable from DCE‐MRI (10 min) parameters) were automatically segmented. Areas of voxels with intact BBB, classified by automated cNMF, matched closely the corresponding, manually‐derived areas when respective areas were used in estimating K
2 maps (Pearson's r = 0.97, 12 slices).
Data Conclusion
Automatic segmentation of short DSC‐MRI data alone successfully identified areas with intact and compromised BBB in the stroke brain and compared favorably with manual segmentation.
Level of Evidence: 3
Technical Efficacy: Stage 1
J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1369–1381.
