Abstract
Abstract Most global climate models (GCMs) suffer from biases of a reversed zonal gradient in sea surface temperature (SST) and weak surface easterlies (the westerly bias) in the equatorial Atlantic during boreal spring. These biases exist in atmospheric GCMs (AGCMs) and are amplified by air–sea interactions in atmospheric–oceanic GCMs. This problem has persisted despite considerable model improvements in other aspects. This study proposes a hypothesis that there are two possible root causes for the westerly bias. The first is insufficient lower-tropospheric diabatic heating over Amazonia. The second is erroneously weak zonal momentum flux (entrainment) across the top of the boundary layer. This hypothesis is based on a scale analysis of a simple model for a well-mixed equatorial boundary layer and diagnoses of simulations from eight AGCMs. Severe westerly biases in AGCMs tend to occur when the diabatic heating at low levels (850–700 hPa) over Amazonia is too weak. Deficient low-level diabatic heating weakens the zonal gradient in sea level pressure along the Atlantic equator, introducing westerly biases. In addition, westerly biases may also occur when easterly momentum flux due to entrainment is underestimated.
