Practice Standards for the Use of Multimodality Neuromonitoring: A Delphi Consensus Process

Funding was provided by U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH-18-DMRDP-PTCRA; to Drs. Foreman and Rosenthal) and by the National Institutes of Health (OD OT2OD032701; to Dr. Rosenthal).Dr. Foreman's institution received funding from the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) (W81XWH-18-DMRDP-PTCRA); he received funding from Marinus Pharmaceuticals; he disclosed that he is on the Scientific Advisory Committee for the Neurocritical Care Society Curing Coma Campaign. Drs. Foreman and Appavu perform dedicated neuromonitoring services locally. Drs. Foreman and Rosenthal received Institutional support through U.S. Army W81XWH-18-DMRDP-PTCRA through parent award to Moberg Analytics. Drs. Foreman and Gilmore received funding from UCB Pharma. Drs. Foreman and Wainwright received funding from SAGE Therapeutics. Dr. Ngwenya's institution received funding from Abbott and Biogen; she received funding from General Dynamics Information Technology/DoD. Dr. O'Phelan received funding from Bard Medical CEC. Dr. La Rovere disclosed that she has U.S. National Phase Applications (No.: 17/601, 603, No.: US-2022-0181008-A1, Ref. No.: 21233 CMCC, Ref. No.: 3440 WGS, Ref. No.: M0437.70143US01 Patent-Issued). Dr. Appavu's institution received funding from the U.S. DoD Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs and the American Heart Association (AHA). Drs. Alkhachroum and Rosenthal received support for article research from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Dr. Amorim received funding from the AHA (20CDA35310297, 83457), the CURE Epilepsy Foundation (Taking Flight Award), the NIH (1K23NS090900), the Hellman Fellows Fund, the Regents of the University of California (Resource Allocation Program), Cures Within Reach, and the Zoll Foundation. Dr. Gilmore received funding from the American Academy of Neurology and Caring Analytics Platform (CARPL.ai); she serves as Director of Neuromonitoring locally; co-founded Intracranial Bio Analytics; and holds NIH grant funding for development of a multimodal intracranial monitoring device and data visualization platform (UG3 NS123307). Dr. Rosenthal's institution received funding from the NIH, the U.S. Army, Moberg Analytics, and Marinus Pharmaceuticals. The remaining authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.