References: Arnold, G., Refinements in the dimensional analysis method of drug calculation problem solving (1998) Nurse Educator, 23 (3), pp. 22-26;
Askew, M., Wiliam, D., (1995) Recent Research in Mathematics Education, , HMSO, London, pp. 5-16;
Bayne, T., Bindler, R., Medication calculation skills of registered nurses (1988) The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 19 (6), pp. 258-262;
Bernstein, B., (1973) Class, Codes and Control, 2. , Routledge & Kegan Paul, London;
Blais, K., Bath, J.B., Drug calculation errors of baccalaureate nursing students (1992) Nurse Educator, 17, pp. 12-14. , 1 Jan/Feb;
Benner, P., (1984) From Novice to Expert. Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing, , Addison Wesley, Menlo Park, CA;
Bliss-Holtz, J., Discriminating types of medication errors in nursing practice (1994) Nursing Research, 43 (6), pp. 373-375;
Brown, G., Bull, J., Pendlebury, M., (1997) Assessing Student Learning in Higher Education, , Routledge, London;
Cartwright, M., Numeracy needs of the beginning registered nurse (1996) Nurse Education Today, 16 (2), pp. 137-143;
Coben, D., At the sharp end of education for an ethical, equitable and numerate society: working in a safety-critical context - numeracy for nursing (2010) Proceedings of the Sixth International Mathematics Education and Society Conference, 2010, , http://www.ewi-psy.fu%20berlin.de/en/v/mes6/documents/proceedings/Band_1_Finale.pdf, Available at:, (accessed April 2012);
Coben, D., Hutton, B.M., Hall, C., Rowe, D., Sabin, M., Weeks, K., Woolley, N., (2010) Benchmark Assessment of Numeracy for Nursing: Medication Dosage Calculation at Point of Registration, , http://www.nursingnumeracy.info, NHS Education for Scotland, Edinburgh, NES, Available at:, (accessed April 2012);
Dean, B., Allan, E., Barber, N., Barker, K., Comparison of medication errors in an American and a British hospital (1995) American Journal of Health-system Pharmacy, 52 (22), pp. 2543-2549. , Nov 15;
(2000) An Organisation with a Memory, Report of an Expert Group on Learning from Adverse Events in the NHS, , Department of Health, Stationery Office, London;
(2004) Building a Safer NHS for Patients: Improving Medication Safety, , Department of Health, DoH, London;
Eastwood, K.J., Boyle, M.J., Williams, B., Fairhall, R., Numeracy skills of nursing students (2011) Nurse Education Today, 31 (8), pp. 815-818;
Eraut, M., (1994) Developing Professional Knowledge and Competence, , Falmer Press, London;
(2008) The European Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning (EQF), , http://ec.europa.eu/education/pub/pdf/general/eqf/broch_en.pdf, European Communities, Available at:, (accessed April 2012);
(2005) The European Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning (EQF) Glossary, , http://www.eucen.eu/EQFpro/GeneralDocs/FilesFeb09/GLOSSARY.pdf, European Communities, Available at:, (accessed April 2012);
Faddis, M., Eliminating errors in medication (1939) American Journal of Nursing, 39 (11), pp. 1217-1223;
Farrell, E.F., Taking anxiety out of the equation (2006) Chronicle of Higher Education, 52 (19), pp. A41-A42;
Fine, G., Deegan, J., Three principles of Serendip: insight, chance and discovery in qualitative research (1996) International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 9 (4), pp. 434-447;
Gigerenzer, G., Todd, P.M., (1999) Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart, , ABC Research Group, Oxford University Press, Oxford;
Grandell-Niemi, H., Hupli, M., Leino-Kilpi, H., Puukka, P., Medication calculation skills of nurses in Finland (2003) Journal of Clinical Nursing, 12 (4), pp. 519-528;
Hutton, B.M., The acquisition of competence in nursing mathematics. Historical perspective, present status and future needs of student nurses (1998) Unpublished Ph.D., , University of Birmingham;
Hutton, M., Nursing mathematics: the importance of application (1998) Nursing Standard, 13 (11), pp. 35-38;
Hutton, B.M., Coben, D., Sabin, M., Hall, C., Rowe, D., Weeks, K.W., Woolley, N., Numeracy for nursing - creating a benchmark. Report of a pilot study to compare outcomes of two medications dosage assessment methods using simulated reality (2010) Nurse Education Today, 30 (7), pp. 608-614. , October;
Jukes, L., Gilchrist, M., Concerns about numeracy skills of nursing students (2006) Nurse Education in Practice, 6 (4), pp. 192-198;
Kapborg, I.D., An evaluation of the mathematical skills of beginner Swedish nursing students (1992) Quality Assurance in Health Care, 4 (4), pp. 311-317;
Lesar, T., Briceland, L., Stein, D., Factors related to errors in medication prescribing (1997) JAMA, 277 (4), pp. 312-317. , Jan 22-29;
Lowes, L., Weeks, K.W., Researching your own clients/students (2006) The Reality of Nursing Research, pp. 133-147. , Routledge Falmer, Oxford, P. Lyne, D. Allan (Eds.);
Lum, G., On the non-discursive nature of competence (2004) Educational Philosophy and Theory, 36 (5), pp. 486-497;
Lum, G., (2009) Vocational and Professional Capability. An Epistemological and Ontological Study of Occupational Expertise, , Continuum, London;
Macdonald, K., Weeks, K.W., Moseley, L., Safety in numbers 6: tracking pre-registration nursing students' cognitive and functional competence development in medication dosage calculation problem-solving: the role of authentic learning and diagnostic assessment environments (2013) Nurse Education in Practice, 13 (2), pp. e66-e77;
Midwinter, E., The irrelevance of the curriculum (1972) (1984) Modern Sociology, pp. 277-282. , Penguin, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, P. Worsley (Ed.);
(2006) Safe Foundations: Patient Safety Education Modules for Junior Doctors, , http://www.npsa.nhs.uk/press/display%3fcontentId%3d5186, NPSA, Available at:, (accessed April 2012);
(2006) Safety in Doses: Medication Safety Incidents in the NHS, , NPSA, The Fourth Report from the Patient Safety Observatory (No. PSO/4), National Patient Safety Agency, London;
(2009) Safety in Doses: Improving the Use of Medicines in the NHS, , NPSA, National Patient Safety Agency, London;
(2010) Essential Skills Clusters and Guidance for Their Use (NMC 2010), , http://standards.nmc-uk.org/Documents/Annexe3_%2520ESCs_16092010.pdf, NMC, Available at:, (accessed April 2012);
(2010) Advice and Supporting Information for Implementing NMC Standards for Pre-registration Nursing Education (NMC 2010), , http://standards.nmc-uk.org/PreRegNursing/non-statutory/Pages/supporting-advice.aspx, NMC, Available at:, (accessed April 2012);
Pike, K.L., (1967) Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior, , Mouton, The Hague;
Pirie, S., (1987) Nurses and Mathematics: Deficiencies in Basic Mathematics Skills Among Nurses: Development and Evaluation of Methods of Detection and Treatment, , Royal College of Nursing, London;
Røykenes, K., Larsen, T., The relationship between nursing students' mathematics ability and their performance in a drug calculation test (2010) Nurse Education Today, 30, pp. 697-701;
Sabin, M., Weeks, K.W., Rowe, D., Hutton, B.M., Coben, D., Hall, C., Woolley, N., Safety in numbers 5: evaluation of computer-based authentic assessment and high fidelity simulated OSCE environments as a framework for articulating a point of registration medication dosage calculation benchmark (2013) Nurse Education in Practice, 13 (2), pp. e55-e65;
Sabin, M., (2001) Competence in Practice-based Calculation: Issues for Nursing Education. A Critical Review of the Literature, , Occasional paper 3, Learning and Teaching Support Network (LTSN) Centre for Health Sciences and Practice, London;
Shockley, J.S., McGurn, W.C., Gunning, C., Graveley, E., Tillotson, D., Effects of calculator use on arithmetic and conceptual skills of nursing students (1989) Journal of Nursing Education, 89 (9), pp. 402-405;
Smith, J., diSessa, A., Roschelle, J., Misconceptions reconceived: a constructivist analysis of knowledge in transition (1993) The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 3 (2), pp. 115-163;
Stringer, E., (2008) Action Research in Education, , Pearson Prentice Hall, New York;
Swan, M., Dealing with Misconceptions (2001) Issues in Mathematics Teaching, pp. 47-165. , Routledge Falmer, London, P. Gates (Ed.);
Taxis, K., Barber, N., Causes of intravenous medication errors: an ethnographic study (2003) Quality Safety Health Care, 12, pp. 343-348;
Thompson, F., Logue, S., An exploration of common student misconceptions in science (2006) International Education Journal, 7 (4), pp. 553-559;
Tobias, S., (1978) Overcoming Math Anxiety, , W. W. Norton and Co, New York;
Weeks, K.W., Sabin, M., Pontin, D., Woolley, N., Safety in numbers: an introduction to the nurse education in practice series (2013) Nurse Education in Practice, 13 (2), pp. e4-e10;
Weeks, K.W., Hutton, B.M., Young, S., Coben, D., Clochesy, J.M., Pontin, D., Safety in Numbers 3: authenticity, building knowledge & skills and Competency development & assessment: the ABC of safe medication dosage calculation problem-solving pedagogy (2013) Nurse Education in Practice, 13 (2), pp. e33-e42;
Weeks, K.W., Clochesy, J.M., Hutton, B.M., Safety in numbers 4: the relationship between exposure to authentic and didactic environments and nursing students' learning of medication dosage calculation problem solving knowledge and skills (2013) Nurse Education in Practice, 13 (2), pp. e43-e54;
Weeks, K.W., Higginson, R., Clochesy, J.M., Coben, D., Safety in numbers 7: veni, vidi, duci: a grounded theory evaluation of nursing students' medication dosage calculation problem-solving schemata construction (2013) Nurse Education in Practice, 13 (2), pp. e78-e87;
Weeks, K.W., Setting a foundation for the development of medication dosage calculation problem solving skills among novice nursing students. The role of constructivist learning approaches and a computer based 'Authentic World' learning environment (2001) Unpublished PhD, , University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd;
Weeks, K.W., Lyne, P., Moseley, L., Torrance, C., The strive for clinical effectiveness in medication dosage calculation problem solving skills: the role of constructivist learning theory in the design of a computer based 'Authentic World' learning environment (2001) Clinical Effectiveness in Nursing, 5, pp. 18-25;
Weeks, K.W., Lyne, P., Torrance, C., Written drug dosage errors made by students: the threat to clinical effectiveness and the need for a new approach (2000) Clinical Effectiveness in Nursing, 4, pp. 20-29;
Wilson, A., Nurses maths: researching a practical approach (2003) Nursing Standard, 17 (47), pp. 33-36;
Worrell, P.J., Hodson, K.E., Posology: the battle against dosage calculation errors (1989) Nurse Educator, 14 (14), pp. 27-31. , March/April;
Wright, K., Barriers to accurate drug calculations (2006) Nursing Standard, 20 (28), pp. 41-46;
Wright, K., The assessment and development of drug calculation skills in nurse education - a critical debate (2009) Nurse Education Today, 29 (2009), pp. 544-548;
Wright, K., The assessment of drug calculation skills - time to rethink the whole process (2012) Nurse Education Today, 32 (2012), pp. 341-344;
Young, S., Weeks, K.W., Hutton, B.M., Safety in Numbers 1: essential numerical and scientific principles underpinning medication dose calculation (2013) Nurse Education in Practice, 13 (2), pp. e11-e22