Abstract
We develop here a spatially resolved, three-dimensional continuum model coupling cluster dynamics (SR-CD) and crystal plasticity to investigate irradiation growth in zirconium. The model uses scale separation to divide the population of the irradiation cluster into mobile and immobile families. Small interstitial and vacancy clusters are modeled using anisotropic reaction–diffusion equations. Among the immobile clusters, an atomistically-informed vacancy cluster to vacancy loop transition is taken into account. The coupling between the evolution equation of CD and the plastic deformation of the material is two-fold, with stress-informed bias factors and local inelastic strains computed from the evolution of the evolving cluster population. The numerical implementation of the model utilizes the finite element method to analyze both single-crystal and polycrystalline samples. The growth strains that are computed align well with the experimental data provided by Carpenter for single-crystal Zr. Furthermore, the transformation of a vacancy cluster into a complete vacancy loop, occurring at a size of 14 nm, is in agreement with experimental observations and atomistic simulations. The density, size, and growth rate of the dislocation loops, denoted as 〈c〉 and 〈a〉, also exhibit good agreement with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of irradiated Zr and its alloys. Our findings demonstrate that there is a spatial correlation between the growth of these dislocation loops and growth strains, significantly influenced by the crystal size. To explain the expansion of the 〈a〉 axis and the contraction of the 〈c〉 axis in irradiated Zr, it is necessary to consider the diffusion anisotropy difference (DAD) of mobile interstitial species. We show that the PWR Kearns parameters, specifically fr = 0.63, ft = 0.32, fa = 0.05, confer enhanced irradiation resistance to Zr along the principal directions when compared to single crystals. Additionally, reducing the grain size to nanograins further enhances the resistance to irradiation-induced growth, particularly along the direction with the highest volume fraction of basal poles [0001].
•The SR-CD and crystal plasticity model accurately predicts growth strains in Zr.•There is a spatially correlated growth of dislocation loops.•Growth strains in single crystals are influenced by crystal size.•A vacancy cluster transformation is necessary to describe breakaway growth.•Textured polycrystals and nanograins show enhanced irradiation growth resistance.