Abstract
Retraction artifact, paradoxic maturation/differentiation, desmoplasia, and complex irregular growth are morphologic criteria of invasion in urothelial carcinoma.
To describe changes mimicking invasion in noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma (NPUC).
We reviewed 159 consecutive in-house patients with NPUC for either the presence of pseudoinvasion (irregular carcinoma nests within dense hyalinized stroma in the absence of other criteria of invasion) or precursor findings (stromal hyalinization not yet associated with epithelial architectural alteration). We assessed the correlation of these findings with age, sex, evidence of peripheral vascular disease, tumor grade, tumor infarction, and tumor size. We then followed up the patients clinically for tumor recurrence or progression.
We identified 233 separate NPUCs (136 high grade and 97 low grade) in 125 men and 34 women. Of the 233 tumors, 26 (11.2%) had pseudoinvasion and 24 of 233 tumors (10.3%) had precursor findings. Except for complex irregular growth, no other criteria for invasion were seen. Pseudoinvasion and precursor findings were more common in men (47 of 183 [26%] versus 3 of 50 [6%]; P = .003), larger tumors (mean size, 2.6 versus 1.2 cm; P < .001), and tumors with infarction (33 of 50 [66%] versus 29 of 183 [15.8%]; P < .001). In multivariable analysis, tumor size (odds ratio, 1.49; P =.006), male sex (odds ratio, 6.48; P = .007), and the presence of infarction (odds ratio, 6.59; P < .001) were significant variables. Recurrence rates did not differ between patients with and without pseudoinvasion (31% [5 of 16] versus 42% [45 of 107], respectively; P = .41). None of the tumors with pseudoinvasion progressed to invasive carcinoma.
Given the correlation with size and presence of infarcted papillae, we suggest the possibility of tumor ischemia/infarction as a plausible etiology of pseudoinvasion. Awareness of this phenomenon is important for the accurate diagnosis of invasion in papillary urothelial carcinoma.