Abstract
This paper analyses and defends strong affirmative action (SAA). SAA goes beyond weaker forms by using numerical goals, non-traditional selection procedures, or preferential policies. Functions of SAA are identified and related to possible justifications. Claims that preferential policies are unfair to those they disadvantage are considered and rebutted. Diversity as a rationale for affirmative action is discussed and evaluated. And the limits of SAA in assisting the more disadvantaged segments of minority communities are noted.