Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in temperature during wrist arthroscopy comparing monopolar and bipolar radiofrequency energy (RFE). Methods: A standard wrist arthroscopy was performed on 14 arms of 7 cadavers without irrigation or with continuous irrigation with 0.9% saline solution and gravity-assisted outflow through an 18-gauge needle. We treated 7 wrists with a bipolar device (VAPR II with 2.3-mm side effect electrodes; DePuy Mitek, Westwood, MA) and 7 wrists with a monopolar device (OPES Ablator for small joints, 45 degrees; Arthrex, Naples, FL). The temperature was recorded simultaneously from 7 predefined anatomic landmarks. Results: We observed an increase in the temperature corresponding to the time of energy application. The highest measured peak temperatures were 52 degrees C (monopolar) and 49.5 degrees C (bipolar) without irrigation. Continuous irrigation led to a significant reduction in the temperature at the site of the energy application. The mean temperature decreased by 7 degrees C for the monopolar system and 5 degrees C for the bipolar system when irrigation was used. For both radiofrequency devices, we found a decrease in the temperature proportional to the distance of the sensors to the radiofrequency probe. Conclusions: Monopolar and bipolar RFE can be safely used in wrist arthroscopy if a continuous irrigation system is applied and the energy impulse does not exceed 5 to 10 seconds. However, it should be used with great care to avoid local heat damage especially at the cartilage. Clinical Relevance: This basic science study was performed to gain data concerning the temperature in wrist arthroscopy and to broaden the knowledge about the risks when using RFE. Furthermore, we sought to control side effects of RFE by finding the best applied form of RFE regarding duration and pulsation (monopolar/bipolar).
