Abstract
Forecasting the impacts of climate extremes is challenging, but critical to a range of sectors, including agriculture, water management, public health and safety, infrastructure, energy, national defense, and ecology. Foundational to these forecasts are hindcast model archives, which are routinely used for applications produced for the private sector and agencies, including NASA, NOAA, US Department of State, and the US Department of Defense. Forecast and hindcast archives underpin scientific inquiry funded by these agencies, particularly in relation to forecasting weather and climate extremes, as well as the US NSF. In this article, we catalog the sector-specific decision support systems that depend upon hindcast archives and survey the current state of hindcast archive infrastructure. We find that despite the tremendous amount of investment and dependent decision support systems, the United States hindcast archive is relatively fragile and underfunded, especially when compared with the Copernicus system in Europe. We conclude with recommendations for improving hindcast archive infrastructure to support routine sector-specific applications and improve resilience to climate extremes.