Abstract
The oncogenic fusion protein RET/PTC3 (RP3) that is expressed in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and thyroid epithelia in Hashimoto's thyroiditis activates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-[kappa]B) and induces pro-inflammatory gene expression; however, the mechanism of this activation is unknown. To address this, we expressed RP3 in murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking key classical and noncanonical NF-[kappa]B signaling components. In wild-type MEFs, RP3 upregulated CCL2, CXCL1, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and tumor necrosis factor expression and activated classical but not noncanonical NF-[kappa]B. RP3-activated NF-[kappa]B-in I[kappa]B kinase (IKK)[beta].sup.-/-] MEFs but not IKK[alpha]- or NF-[kappa]B essential modulator (NEMO)-deficient cells and activation was inhibited by a peptide that blocks NEMO binding to the IKKs. RP3 increased the levels of NF-[kappa]B-inducing kinase (NIK) and did not activate NF-[kappa]B in NIK-deficient MEFs. Notably, NIK stabilization was not accompanied by TRAF3 degradation demonstrating that RP3 disrupts normal basal NIK regulation. Dominant-negative NIK blocked RP3-induced NF-[kappa]B activation and an RP3 signaling mutant ([RP3.SUP.Y588F]) did not stabilize NIK. Finally, examination of PTC specimens revealed strong positive staining for NIK. We therefore conclude that RP3 activates classical NF-[kappa]B via NIK, NEMO and IKK[alpha]. Importantly, our findings reveal a novel mechanism for oncogene-induced NF-[kappa]B activation via stabilization of NIK. Oncogene (2011) 30, 87-96; doi: 10.1038/onc.2010.396; published online 6 September 2010 Keywords: Hashimoto's thyroiditis; IKK; NIK; NF-[kappa]B; RET/PTC; thyroid cancer
