Abstract
Introduction Studies suggest bilingualism may delay behavioral manifestations of adverse cognitive aging including Alzheimer's dementia. Methods Three thousand nine hundred sixty-three participants (unweighted mean population age approximate to 56 years) at Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos baseline (2008-2011) self-reported their and their parents' birth outside the United States, Spanish as their first language, and used Spanish for baseline and comparable cognitive testing 7 years later (2015-2018). Spanish/English language proficiency and patterns of use were self-rated from 1 = only Spanish to 4 = English > Spanish. Cognitive testing included test-specific and global composite score(s) of verbal learning, memory, word fluency, and Digit Symbol Substitution (DSS). Survey linear regression models examined associations between baseline bilingualism scores and cognition. Results Higher second-language (English) proficiency and use were associated with higher global cognition, fluency, and DSS at follow-up and better than predicted change in fluency. Discussion The bilingual experience was more consistently related to 7-year level versus change in cognition for Hispanics/Latinos.
