Abstract
•Rapid epileptic seizure termination (REST) treatment aims to abort an ongoing seizure.•Current outpatient rescue medications have not been sufficiently studied as REST treatment.•Successful REST medication requires IV-like pharmacokinetics.•Novel drug delivery systems suitable for REST treatment are in development.
Approximately 40% of epilepsy patients will continue to experience breakthrough seizures despite stable antiepileptic drug regimens. Rescue treatments have demonstrated efficacy and safety for select seizure emergencies. Outpatient administered intranasal and rectally delivered medications are regulatory approved for acute repetitive seizures (ARS), and injectable benzodiazepines are indicated for parenteral treatment of established status epilepticus. Despite these advances, no studies have been shown to abort an ongoing seizure following patient or caregiver home administration of therapy at the first clinical sign of seizure onset. Such treatment would require rapid systemic absorption without intravenous access, and evidence of seizure cessation within minutes of administration that is superior to placebo (eg, seizure self-regulation). Rapid epileptic seizure termination (REST) treatment may apply to multiple seizure emergencies beyond ARS, including focal or generalized seizures preceded by an aura, flurries of absence or myoclonic seizures, or prolonged focal and generalized seizures at high risk of progression to status epilepticus. Novel investigational drug delivery systems have demonstrated feasibility of intraictal delivery and seizure cessation by two minutes. Ongoing randomized trials of REST treatment for diverse seizure emergencies hold the potential to decrease bouts of mental and physical incapacitation in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.
