Output list
Journal article
Wie bürgerlich war der Nationalsozialismus?
Published 2019-04-22
German history, 37, 2, 255 - 257
Journal article
Becoming Hitler: The Making of a Nazi
Published 2018-08-02
German history, 36, 3, 474 - 476
Journal article
The Antibourgeois Character of National Socialism
Published 2016-09
The Journal of modern history, 88, 3, 572 - 609
Journal article
Anti-Bourgeois Character of National-Socialism”
Published 2016
The Journal of Modern History
Journal article
Julius Streicher und ‘Der Stürmer’ 1923–1945
Published 2015-06
German history, 33, 2, 322 - 324
Journal article
Anti-Semitic Violence 'From Below': Attacks and Protestant Church Responses in Germany in 1933
Published 2013-09-01
Politics, religion & ideology, 14, 3, 395 - 411
This article is divided into two parts: the first analyzes grass-roots anti-Semitic violence in the winter and spring of 1933; the second the reaction of the German Protestant Church (one of the few remaining institutions still able to protest effectively) to this violence. As shown here, anti-Semitic violence during the first phase of the Nazi Machtergreifung was more brutal and widespread than hitherto assumed, ranging from assault, break-ins and abduction to 'pillory marches', manslaughter and murder. Not recorded in police files and thus difficult to quantify, contemporary estimates of over 1000 violent incidents and several hundred murders are likely realistic. For Nazi gangs, anti-Semitic violence served as a test of courage and a means of internal bonding by dint of jointly committed crimes. Protestant church leaders were well aware of the all-pervasive anti-Semitic violence. Repeated applications were made to church leaders to speak out against anti-Semitic attacks and discriminatory measures, and the issue of taking public action was debated at length in Protestant church councils. Despite considerable pressure to take action and protest openly, no public protest by the Protestant Church was voiced. This article examines the arguments put forward to justify delay, inactivity and silence, thus revealing the shared underlying assumptions of Protestant church leaders and a common mindset rationalizing inactivity.
Journal article
-Semitic Violence ‘From Below:’ Attacks and Protestant Church Responses in Germany in 1933.”
Published 2013
Politics, Religion, and Ideology
Journal article
Royals and the Reich: The Princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany
Published 2011-03-01
German history, 29, 1, 153 - 155
Journal article
zwischen Deutschnationalen und Nationalsozialisten während der Machtergreifungszeit.”
Published 2011
Historische Zeitschrift
Journal article
Konflikte zwischen Deutschnationalen und Nationalsozialisten während der Machtergreifungszeit
Published 2011-01
Historische Zeitschrift, 292, 3